A collection of nonspecific psychological mechanisms, now known to be sources of error: misdirection, counterirritation (in the case of acupuncture and moxibustion), suggestion, and compliance demand.

• 大量的非特异心理学机制现被认为是导致误差的原因：误导，反刺激（以针灸为例），暗示及对盘问的顺从。这些观测误差和处理者的主观性互相作用，从而导致了错误的结论。