A method based on the nonsteady state radiation enhanced diffusion (NSRED), was used to the Ti+ doping of sapphire.

• 5.；利用一种新的掺杂方法，即非稳态辐射增强扩散，对用于导弹窗材料----蓝宝石单晶氧化铝进行表层金属Ti掺杂。