A series of conflicts (1618-1648) starting between German Protestants and Catholics and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.

• 以德国新教和天主教之战为起点一直延续到法国和丹麦瑞典跟神圣罗马帝国和西班牙对立的一系列战争（1618-1648）。