Being mostly oral, only a small part of this literature survives in manuscripts, and most of them are short pieces of poetry or prose about war, seafaring and Biblical stories.

• 当时的文学大部分还是口头文学，只有一小部分靠手抄本传了下来，其中多数是短篇，即关于战争、航海和《圣经》故事的短诗和短文。