Besides the social-psychological factors, the positive correlation between smoking and the breakdown of periodontium has been proved by many studies.

• 同时吸烟还可抑制牙周膜成纤维细胞增殖、改变细胞形态和结构、抑制细胞胶原合成、改变细胞支架结构、降低细胞贴附性，从而影响牙周组织愈合。