Commercial publishers went well beyond the curriculum, however, producing all manner of popular texts cheaply and in large volume to sell to a broader reading public than aspiring officials.

• 商业出版者超出了课本印刷的范围，然而，出版各种通俗课本十分便宜而且其大量销售给更广泛的普通读者群而不是有抱负的官员。”