Dental calculi and gingivitis are more severe in male, small, old, without dental chewing materials or the submandibular lymph nodes enlarged dogs.

• 公犬、年龄大、体重轻、无洁牙食品或玩具、及下颚淋巴结肿大之犬只有较严重程度的牙结石与牙龈炎。