Foreigners in the treaty ports lived charmed, if claustrophobic lives, protected from the outside by gunboats, foreign troops and immunity from Chinese laws.

• 外国人在条约港口的生活纵然幽闭，却也令人陶醉，他们不受中国法律的约束，与外界所有的战船炮舰、外夷军队皆无所涉。