He had no civil authority whatever, nor any power over the life, liberty, or property of citizens, except such as derived from his disciplinary powers as military leader or his executive powers as president of a court.

• 他不掌握民政方面的权力，也决没有处理公民的生命、自由和财产的权力，除非这些权力来自军事首长的惩戒权或法庭审判长的判决执行权。