Historically, Dreman claims, stocks that are cheap by any of these measures have tended to outperform the market average, although this is disputed by those who believe the stock market is efficient and therefore impossible to beat except by accident.

• 从历史上看，德雷曼债权，股票很便宜，由任何这些措施往往超出市场平均水平，虽然这是有争议的，由那些相信股市是有效率的，因此不可能打败除了偶然的。