However,after its culmination in the reigns of Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong,Jingdezhen ceramic industry stagnated in the premodern period.

• 不断发生的战乱、腐败的政治、沉重的税赋、洋瓷的竞争等诸多压力使景德镇瓷业,无论是官窑还是民窑,均陷入了艰难的困境。