In the 19th century wars were fought over the Dardanelles and Bosporus straits, the Caucasus, and Crimea (see Crimean War).

• 19世纪在达达尼尔海峡、博斯普鲁斯海峡、高加索山脉和克里米亚半岛进行了战争（参阅Crimean War）。