Merton, Michel Crozier and the New Public Management, is characterized by hierarchy, impersonality and rationalism with the essential blemish at heels.

• 政治视角的官僚制理论反思了自韦伯、米歇尔斯到民主行政理论有关官僚制与民主的论述，揭示了官僚制与民主之间的冲突，指出官僚制的集权倾向和垂直命令结构对政治民主是一种禁锢和削弱；