Methods Four non language communication ways (i.e. standardized sign language, picture cards, writing boards and bell ringing) were used in 337 patients with artificial airway after cardiac surgery.

• 方法 采用规范化手势语、图片卡、写字板、摇铃四种非语言交流方式对 337例心脏手术后建立人工气道 (气管插管及气管切开 )患者进行护患交流和沟通。