Our microanalysis of Buddhist elements of the civil altar portion of the jiao ritual in Yingde challenges the conventional view that all jiao rituals are Taoist rites;

• 虽然一般对醮仪的认识是属道教仪式，笔者从仪式专家的身分认同、仪式本身的科仪分析，以至于坛场的布置、仪式专家的服饰象徵等方面挑战了这个观点，并论证英德醮仪中上坛的佛教背景。