Punishments such as verbal violence, moral judgment, rumors and gossips, humiliation and infamy are inherent in folk society and are well recognized due to their role in collective moral restorations.

• 摘要以话语暴力、道德审判、流言蜚语和羞辱现丑等日常形式表达的惩罚方式，具有内生于民间社会的特质，更因对集体道德的恢复功能，获得广泛认同。