The approaches for decreasing the gene flow include chloroplast transformation, pollen sterility, seed sterility, cleistogamy, apomixis, temporal control, and transgenic mitigation .

• 目前降低外源基因扩散的方法主要有叶绿体转化、粉不育、子不育、花受精、融合生殖、时性控制及转基因缓和等。