The approaches for decreasing the gene flow include chloroplast transformation, pollen sterility, seed sterility, cleistogamy, apomixis, temporal control, and transgenic mitigation.

• 目前降低外源基因扩散的方法主要有叶绿体转化、花粉不育、种子不育、闭花受精、无融合生殖、暂时性控制及转基因缓和等。