The earliest forms of secret writing required little more than local pen and paper analogs, as most people could not read. More literacy, or opponent literacy, required actual cryptography.

• 最早的书面形式的秘密需要多一点的地方笔和纸类似物，因为大多数人无法读取。更多的知识，或对手识字，需要实际的加密技术。