The potent and rapid-acting opiates (fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil) can be used as the sole induction agents in cardiovascular surgery where hemodynamic stability is critical.

• （芬太尼、叔芬太尼、阿芬太尼）强效和快速起作用的吗啡类药物，由于其对血液动力学稳定可作为心脏手术单独诱导麻醉剂。