The process of seedlings growing to saplings showed a clear bottleneck during the population regeneration of Quercus liaotungensis. , so only fewer resprouting survived from drastic competing growth.

• 在辽东栎种群的更新过程中，幼苗与幼树间存在着明显的瓶颈现象，经过激烈的竞争生长，只有少数才能进入下一个生长季。