The results showed that it was mainly the sound that has a role for foreign students with an alphabetic writing system at the primary stage and the sound and the grapheme at the intermediate stage.

• 结果表明，初级汉语水平的拼音文字背景留学生字音发挥主要作用，中级汉语水平的拼音文字背景留学生字音、字形起相同重要作用；