The running conditions,appliances and running costs of the Shinkanson,TGV and ICE are compared from the point of EMU mode and locomotive traction mode.

• 从电动车组方式和机车牵引方式的角度，就新干线、TGV和ICE的运行状况、装置、运行成本进行了比较，并对这些列车的技术动向作了介绍。