The supply chain mode is further extended to study the upstream demand mode, for which it is proved that the bullwhip effect is not always amplified under different forecasting technologies.

• 并对二级供应链进行拓展，证明在信息传递过程中，非最优预测将导致上游需求模式复杂化，牛鞭效应逐级递增，而最优预测可使上游需求模式简化，遏制误差的传递。