There are clear social mechanisms that promote altruism: for example, fear of punishment, reputation building, ideas of fairness and inculcation by religious or authority figures.

• 社会上存在着明确的社会机制来促进利他主义，例如：对处罚的恐惧，对声誉的建立，公平的概念，和来自由宗教或权威人物的谆谆教诲等等。