They are from eight to 18 years old, presenting themselves with myopia, strabismus, amblyopia, dragged disc, heterotopia of macula, peripheral retinal vasoproliferation and abnormal pigmentation.

• 皆有近视，外表则都有斜视，最佳矫正视力均在20/40以下。眼底呈现拖曳的视神经盘，黄斑部异位，颞侧周边血管增生或异常色素等。