They must know Excitation, Automaticity, Conductivity and Contractility of the heart based on the bioelectricity, must understand the genesis of ECG.

• 掌握每搏输出量、每分输出量、心指数概念。掌握心输出量的调节：心室舒张期末容积(前负荷)、心肌收缩力、动脉血压(后负荷)、心搏频率。