With older microscopes and with less expensive modern microscopes there are generally only two lenses below the objective, each of which inverts the diffraction pattern and the electron image.

• 电子光学映像比如显微图和最终屏幕所见衍射模型之间180度倒置的出现是否有联系，取决于显微镜柱中目标通过透镜产生的映像的倒置数量。