X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), also called electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), is widely used both in basic research and in analysis of materials, particularly in surface analysis.

• X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy；XPS)技术也被称作用于化学分析的电子能谱(electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis；ESCA).