It may be in interest of the upstream manufacture to charge a lower wholesaling price by holding excess capacity to induce the entry of potential retailer in preentry stage.

• 但有趣的是制造商可以决定是否要藉由事前持有超额产能来降低批岭价格，以诱导潜在零售商进入，提高通路的经营效率，进而增加利润。