The efficacy evaluation included visual analog scale of pain at rest (VAS) and after movement (VASM), sedation score (Ramsay) in 3, 6, 24 and 48 hours after surgery and overall dosing of morphine within 48 hours.

• 记录术后3,6,24,48h疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、活动后VAS评分和48h内使用吗啡总量并记录可能出现的不良反应。