make的英文翻译是什么意思,词典释义与在线翻译:
详尽释义
- 使得,使成为
- 等于
- 到达
- 产生,造成
- 整理
- 做,作
- 总计
- 准备
- 认为,理解
- 使成功,使作为,获得成功
- 赢得,获得
- 布置
- 赶上
- 估计
- 制造,造
- 朝某方向走去,向...移动,行进
- 构成
- 铺床
- 假装
- 做成
- 建设
- 创作,著作
- 拟,起草
- 制定
- 设置
- 征收
- 正要做,刚要开始做
- 开始
- 趋向,指向
- 试图
- 增长起来
- (表示行为的方式)使处于某种状态
- 涨起,水涨
- 加深
- 体格
- 样式,样子,形状
- 性格,脾性,天性
- 品牌
- 气质
- 型(号)
- 制造,制法
- 种类
- 品质
- 构造,组织
- 产量
- 【电】接通
- 谋取利益
双解释义
- vt. & vi. 做; 制造; 被制造 produce by work or action
- vt. 作出,制定,产生 produce; judge; determine
- vt. 使得 put into a certain state, position, etc.
- vt. 获得,挣得 earn money, etc.
- vt. 总计,等于 add up to; equal
- vt. 成为,使成为 turn into
- vt. 到达 arrive; get to
- vt. 准备,整理 prepare; put in order; arrange
- vt. 认为,估计 think; consider
- vi. 开始,试图 begin; start; attempt
- vi. 行进,趋向 tend to; incline to
- vi. 增长起来 increase; rise; grow
- [C]制造的方法,样式 the way in which a thing is made; method or style of manufacture
- [C]体格,品质 quality of personality
英英释义
-
a recognizable kind;
"there's a new brand of hero in the movies now"
"what make of car is that?"
-
the act of mixing cards haphazardly
-
engage in;
"make love, not war"
"make an effort"
"do research"
"do nothing"
"make revolution"
-
give certain properties to something;
"get someone mad"
"She made us look silly"
"He made a fool of himself at the meeting"
"Don't make this into a big deal"
"This invention will make you a millionaire"
"Make yourself clear"
-
make or cause to be or to become;
"make a mess in one's office"
"create a furor"
-
cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner;
"The ads induced me to buy a VCR"
"My children finally got me to buy a computer"
"My wife made me buy a new sofa"
-
give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally;
"cause a commotion"
"make a stir"
"cause an accident"
-
create or manufacture a man-made product;
"We produce more cars than we can sell"
"The company has been making toys for two centuries"
-
make, formulate, or derive in the mind;
"I draw a line here"
"draw a conclusion"
"draw parallels"
"make an estimate"
"What do you make of his remarks?"
-
compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way;
"People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!"
"Heat makes you sweat"
-
create by artistic means;
"create a poem"
"Schoenberg created twelve-tone music"
"Picasso created Cubism"
"Auden made verses"
-
earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages;
"How much do you make a month in your new job?"
"She earns a lot in her new job"
"this merger brought in lots of money"
"He clears $5,000 each month"
-
create or design, often in a certain way;
"Do my room in blue"
"I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest"
-
to compose or represent:
"This wall forms the background of the stage setting"
"The branches made a roof"
"This makes a fine introduction"
-
reach a goal, e.g.,
"make the first team"
"We made it!"
"She may not make the grade"
-
be or be capable of being changed or made into;
"He makes a great host"
"He will make a fine father"
-
make by shaping or bringing together constituents;
"make a dress"
"make a cake"
"make a wall of stones"
-
perform or carry out;
"make a decision"
"make a move"
"make advances"
"make a phone call"
-
make by combining materials and parts;
"this little pig made his house out of straw"
"Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer"
-
change from one form into another;
"make water into wine"
"make lead into gold"
"make clay into bricks"
-
act in a certain way so as to acquire;
"make friends"
"make enemies"
-
charge with a function; charge to be;
"She was named Head of the Committee"
"She was made president of the club"
-
achieve a point or goal;
"Nicklaus had a 70"
"The Brazilian team got 4 goals"
"She made 29 points that day"
-
reach a destination, either real or abstract;
"We hit Detroit by noon"
"The water reached the doorstep"
"We barely made it to the finish line"
"I have to hit the MAC machine before the weekend starts"
-
institute, enact, or establish;
"make laws"
-
carry out or commit;
"make a mistake"
"commit a faux-pas"
-
form by assembling individuals or constituents;
"Make a quorum"
-
organize or be responsible for;
"hold a reception"
"have, throw, or make a party"
"give a course"
-
put in order or neaten;
"make the bed"
"make up a room"
-
head into a specified direction;
"The escaped convict took to the hills"
"We made for the mountains"
-
have a bowel movement;
"The dog had made in the flower beds"
-
undergo fabrication or creation;
"This wool makes into a nice sweater"
-
be suitable for;
"Wood makes good furniture"
-
add up to;
"four and four make eight"
-
amount to;
"This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living"
-
constitute the essence of;
"Clothes make the man"
-
appear to begin an activity;
"He made to speak but said nothing in the end"
"She made as if to say hello to us"
-
proceed along a path;
"work one's way through the crowd"
"make one's way into the forest"
-
reach in time;
"We barely made the plane"
-
gather and light the materials for;
"make a fire"
-
prepare for eating by applying heat;
"Cook me dinner, please"
"can you make me an omelette?"
"fix breakfast for the guests, please"
-
induce to have sex;
"Harry finally seduced Sally"
"Did you score last night?"
"Harry made Sally"
-
assure the success of;
"A good review by this critic will make your play!"
-
represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like;
"She makes like an actress"
-
consider as being;
"It wasn't the problem some people made it"
-
calculate as being;
"I make the height about 100 feet"
-
cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable;
"make my day"
-
favor the development of;
"Practice makes the winner"
-
develop into;
"He will make a splendid father!"
-
behave in a certain way;
"make merry"
-
eliminate urine;
"Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug"
make的用法和样例:
例句
- If I had the time, I 'd make something better.
如果有时间的话,我会做些更好吃的东西。 - In the old China, we can't even make a nail, let alone machines.
在旧中国,我们连一个钉子都造不了,更不用说制造机器了。 - Her jokes made us all laugh.
她说的笑话把我们都逗乐了。 - If you take my advice, you will make a lot of money.
如果你采纳我的建议,你将赚很多钱。 - He's got a strong will and he'll make it.
他意志很坚强,他会成功的。 - She would have made an excellent teacher.
她本可以成为杰出的教师。
- Finally,I've got to find out what make of man he was.
最后,我终于知道了他是怎么样的一个人。 - I don't like the make of her coat.
我不喜欢她衣服的样式。 - She bought a dinner set of Chinese make.
他买了一套中国牌子的西装。 - The annual make of the automobile factory is 200 thousand.
那个汽车厂的年产量为20万辆。
常用短语
- make after (v.+prep.)
-
-
追逐 chase; pursue
make after sb/sthShe made after him like a mad woman.
她像个疯女人似地追赶他。
The hunter made after the game at top speed.
猎人在后面拼命追赶猎物。
Our fighter planes were making after the enemy bombers.
我歼击机正追赶敌轰炸机。
- make at (v.+prep.)
-
-
攻击 attack; move towards sb as if to attack
make at sbThe stranger gave a shout and then made at me.
那个陌生人大叫一声,向我扑来。
The angry woman made at me with her umbrella.
那个愤怒的女人用雨伞袭击我。
The two boys made at each other with stones and both ended up with bad bruises.
那两个男孩互相扔石子砸对方,结果两人都给砸得青一块紫一块的。
When their bullets ran out, they made at the enemy with bayonets.
子弹打完了,他们就扑向敌人去拼刺刀。
- make away (v.+adv.)
-
-
逃跑 run away; escape
make awayThe policeman stopped the thief who was trying to make away.
警察抓住了正要逃跑的贼。
The mouse made away at the slightest sound.
有一点响声老鼠就跑了。
- make away with (v.+adv.+prep.)
-
-
消耗光 consume completely
- make do (v.+v.)
-
-
将就使用,凑合着用 use a poor substitute when you do not have the right thing
make doThis hotel isn't what we wanted, but we must make do.
这家旅馆不是我们想住的地方,但我们得将就一下。
make sth doCan't you make that shirt do for another day?
那件衬衫你再凑合着穿一天不行吗?
make do with sthShe will make do with the old typewriter until the new one arrives.
新打字机还没到之前,她先凑合着用那台旧的。
There's no meat in the house, so we'll just have to make do with potatoes.
家里没肉,所以我们只得凑合着吃土豆了。
We were late for supper and had to make do with a few cold buns.
我们误了吃晚饭的时间,只得啃几个冷馒头填填肚子。
- make down (v.+adv.)
-
-
改小 make (clothes) smaller as to fit sb
make sth ⇔ downCan you make the dress down for her young sister?
你能把衣服改小给她妹妹穿吗?
- make for (v.+prep.)
-
-
有利于,致使 result in; ensure; help cause sth to happen or develop
- make from (v.+prep.)
-
-
由…制成 manufacture with sth
make sth from sthMother can make a wonderful meal from bits of food left over from the day before.
母亲能用前天剩下的食物作出一顿美餐来。
The natives make excellent boats from the tree trunks.
当地人用树干造出了非常漂亮的小船。
Nylon is made from air, coal and water.
尼龙由空气、煤和水制成的。
The wine is made from grapes.
这酒是由葡萄制成的。
Butter is made from milk.
黄油是由牛奶制成的。
Bread is made from flour, and flour from wheat.
面包由面粉做成,而面粉由小麦制成。
- make into (v.+prep.)
-
-
把…转变为,使成为 change into
make sth into sthShe made the material into a dress.
她将衣料制成一件衣服。
He will make this skin into leather.
他将把这张皮制成皮革。
We can make glass into bottles.
我们能把玻璃制成瓶子。
Waste products from factories can be made into road-building material.
工厂的废料可以制成筑路的材料。
make sb/sth into sb/sthWorking in the kitchen made the boy into a good cook.
那个孩子在厨房里工作,这使他成了很好的厨师。
They made the story into a play.
他们把这个故事改编成了戏剧。
A hundred acres of land was made into a peach and pear orchard.100
英亩土地改为种桃和梨的果园。
- make it
-
-
约定时间 appoint time
- make it up
-
-
和好 become reconciled
- make of (v.+prep.)
-
-
使某人发展成为 cause sb to develop into
make sth of sthThe children like making houses of sticks and clay.
孩子们喜欢用树枝或黏土盖房子玩。
The fence is made of iron.
栅栏是由铁制成的。
The bridge is made of steel.
这座桥是用钢材造的。
Some roads are made of gravel.
有些路是用砾石铺成的。
make sth of sth“Could you make anything of what he was saying?”“No,I could make nothing of it.”
“你明白他在说什么吗?”“不,我不明白。”
make sb of sbHis father wanted to make a doctor of him.
他父亲想把他培养成一名医生。
- make off (v.+adv.)
-
-
匆匆逃掉 escape in a hurry
make offBefore the policeman arrived, the murderer had already made off.
警察来之前,杀人犯已经逃走了。
I wanted to ask him a question, but he made off.
我想问他一个问题,但他躲开了。
When the deer saw the hunter, it made off at once.
鹿一见到猎人,就立刻跑掉了。
- make off with (v.+adv.+prep.)
-
-
偷,花费 steal; spend
make off with sthHe made off with all the old man's savings.
他卷走了这个老人所有的积蓄。
The cashier made off with all the money in the safe.
那个出纳把保险箱里的钱全部偷走了。
Within a few years he had made off with the money that his father left him.
没有几年,他就胡乱花掉了他父亲留给他的钱。
It is true he had a considerable sum under his uncle's will, but it has probably been made off with by this time.
确实,按照他叔叔的遗嘱,他原有一笔相当数目的钱,但此时大约已胡乱花掉了。
- make out (v.+adv.)
-
-
假装 pretend
make sth ⇔ outPlease make out a bill for these goods.
请给这些物品开个账单。
After he paid, the cashier made out a receipt for him.
他付款后,那位收款员就开始给他一张收据。
The cheque was made out for sixty pounds.
开了一张60英镑的支票。
make sth ⇔ outCan you make out the signature at the foot of this letter?
你能辨认出信尾的签字吗?
Looking through the mist,I could make out the figure of a woman standing under the street lamp.
透过薄雾,我能看到路灯下一个女人站着的身影。
They could just make out the spire of the church in the distance.
他们仅仅能认出远处教堂的尖塔。
It was so foggy that the driver could hardly make out the way ahead.
浓雾弥漫,司机看不清前面的路。
The signature could not be made out.
签字辨别不出来。
With the aid of a telescope a shape that might have been the wrecked ship could just be made out on the horizon.
借助于望远镜,在地平线上依稀可辨的可能是一只遇难的船只的影子。
make out wh-clauseI cannot make out whether this figure is a three or an eight .
我辨别不出这个数字是3还是8。
They could hardly make out where the road was in the darkness.
黑暗中他们难以辨认出路在哪里。
make sb/sth ⇔ outShe was a strange sort of person; I couldn't make her out.
她这个人有些古怪,我不能理解她。
The poem is so complicated that I cannot make out its meaning.
这首诗太复杂,我理解不了它的意思。
make out wh-clauseI'm sorry I can't quite make out what you mean.
很抱歉,我不大懂你的意思。
No one can make out how the fire started.
没人能找出起火的原因。
make out (that-clause)They aren't as rich as they made out.
他们并不像所声称的那样富有。
You can't make out that we haven't tried to help you.
你不能断言我们没有试图帮助你。
It was made out by his counsel that he was quite unaware that the money had been stolen.
据他的律师宣称:钱被偷去他完全不知道。
make out that-clauseHe made out that he had forgotten all about it.
他装出一副什么都记不得的样子。
- make out of (v.+adv.+prep.)
-
-
用某物制造出 produce sth from (a material or existing object)
make sth out of sthThe boy made a boat out of wood.
那男孩用木头做了一条船。
He made a great fortune out of oil.
他靠石油发了大财。
He made a mountain out of a molehill.
他小题大做。
What do you make out of their statement?
你对他们的声明有何看法。
The evening dress is made out of pure silk.
这件睡衣是用真丝做的。
- make over (v.+adv.)
-
-
修改,改造 make sth look different; change the style of
make sth ⇔ overHe has made over his property to a hospital.
他已将财产转交给了一家医院。
In his will,Ade made over the bulk of his property to his eldest son.
艾德在遗嘱里写明将自己的大部分财产交给他的大儿子。
The property was made over to the son before his father died.
父亲去世之前,其财产转让给了儿子。
make sb/sth ⇔ overHe asked the tailor to make over his trousers.
他叫裁缝修改了一下他的裤子。
He has been made over into a new man.
他已完全变了一个人。
- make up (v.+adv.)
-
-
组成,构成 compose or be part of
make sth ⇔ upJohn has made up a small song.
约翰作了一首曲子。
The teacher asked the children to make up a poem about Christmas.
教师们要求孩子们写一首关于圣诞节的诗。
He is very quick at making up excuses.
编造借口,他来得非常之快。
He made up a story without any foundation.
他所说的故事毫无根据,纯属虚构。
make upThey finally decided to stop quarrelling and make up.
他们最后决定停止争吵,握手言和。
make sth ⇔ upThe quarrel was only about a trivial matter, but it was years before they made it up.
争吵只是为了一件小事,但是过了多年他们才言归于好。
make sth ⇔ upSomehow the company has got to make up all the time we've lost through illness.
公司必须想办法把我们因病而损失的时间全补上。
Vitamin pills make up what you lack in your diet.
维生素丸可补充你食物中所缺的营养。
make sth ⇔ upThe toy cost a dollar and Ted only had fifty cents, so father made up the rest.
玩具要一美元而特德只有50美分,父亲就给他添上了不足的数额。
She had to make up her income as a pianist by teaching piano students.
她这个钢琴家的收入得靠教人弹琴来添补。
make upClowns always make up before a circus show.
马戏开演前,小丑都要化妆。
At one time it was not considered good taste for women to make up.
有一段时期认为妇女打扮并不风雅。
make sb ⇔ upWhen she goes out to visit friends, she is very much made up.
她出去访友时,总是浓妆艳抹地打扮一番。
It may take quite a long time before an actor is properly made up for a part.
一个演员妥帖地化装成一个角色需要很长的时间。
make sth ⇔ upThe chemist is still making up the doctor's order, and says it will be ready in half an hour.
药剂师还在为医生配方,他说过半个钟头药就配好了。
make sth ⇔ upLeave this notice hanging on your door, asking the servant to make up your room.
留张便条挂在你房门上,请服务员把你的房间整理一下。
make sb/sth ⇔ up (of sb/sth)How many countries make up the Common Market?
(欧洲)共同市场由多少国家组成?
Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.
社会由各种不同能力的人组成。
This is made up of three different parts.
这由三个不同部分组成。
Are all animal bodies made up of cells?
一切动物体都是由细胞组成的吗?
- make up for (v.+adv.+prep.)
-
-
补偿,弥补 compensate for
make up for sthHe tried to make up for all the trouble he had caused.
他设法弥补他所造成的一切麻烦。
We must work hard now to make up for lost time.
我们现在必须努力工作以弥补失去的时间。
I worked last Saturday, so I have today off, to make up for it.
我上星期六工作,所以今天补假休息。
How can we make up to you for what you've suffered?
我们如何能够补偿你所遭受的损害?
词汇搭配
- make a beast 行动如傻瓜
- make a bed 铺床,整理卧具
- make a big hit with sb 给某人很好的印象
- make a big row 大吵一场
- make a calculation 计算
- make a change 改变
- make a circuit 接通电路
- make a classic boner 犯大错
- make a clean breast of 坦承,自由
- make a collection 募捐
- make a cousin of 诈骗,愚弄
- make a date 定期约会,择日
- make a deduction 推论,推断
- make a difference (to) 有关系,重要
- make a face 做鬼脸
- make a feast 设宴款客
- make a fence 击剑姿势
- make a fend 冒险
- make a fire 生火
- make a fortune 致富,发财
- make a fuss 大惊小怪,小题大做
- make a good wife 成为好妻子
- make a hand 得利,获益
- make a hit 受欢迎
- make a killing 获暴利
- make a match 使订婚,使结婚
- make a mistake 失误
- make a play 想取得
- make a point of 强调…重要
- make a price 开价,定价
- make a purse 为他人募捐〔筹款〕
- make a scene 大闹一场
- make a shave 幸免
- make a sketch 绘制草图
- make a stand 立定,停止
- make a start 开始
- make a strike 成就,成功
- make a train 赶火车
- make a will 立遗嘱
- make account 料想,判断
- make advances 预付,提议
- make allowance 考虑到,酌情
- make an ado 慌乱,骚扰
- make an ambush 设伏兵,埋伏
- make an appearance 出现,到场
- make an appointment 约定,安排会谈时间
- make an ass 行动如傻瓜
- make an attempt on 想,结果,欲夺取
- make an error 出差错
- make an experiment 做实验
- make an impressing 留下痕迹,给…留下印象
- make an impression 有影响
- make black white and white black 颠倒黑白
- make a break 急跑
- make a button 有忧容,露惊惧之色
- make camp 扎营,搭帐篷
- make cheer 愉快,快乐,欢迎
- make a coat 做一件上衣
- make coffee 煮咖啡
- make common 宣布,行刑
- make a conversation 交谈,聊天
- make count 计算,依赖
- make danger 尝试实验
- make drink 准备饮料
- make earth 接地线,接地
- make expiation 偿,赎
- make fashion 假装,粉饰
- make fish 晒鱼,腌鱼
- make friends 交友
- make good one's loss 赔偿损失
- make good one's promise 实现诺言
- make headway 前进
- make a journey 进行旅行
- make laws 制定法律
- make love 求爱
- make a meal 准备饭菜
- make measurements 测量
- make merry 作乐
- make metals 熔炼金属
- make money 赚钱
- make outline 写提纲
- make pace 增加速度
- make place 让开,留余地
- make power 发电,产生动力
- make progress 前进,进步
- make reading 取读数
- make a report 报告,通知
- make reprisal 报复,报仇
- make riddance 排除障碍物,扫除阻碍
- make room 让道,留余地,开一条路
- make sb's blood boil 使…大怒
- make sb's blood creep 使人惊悸,令人恐怖
- make sb's blood run cold 使人毛骨悚然
- make sb's blow 走下戏台
- make sb's a lucky 〈俚〉逃离,逃走
- make sb's market 销售货物
- make sb's mouth water 令人垂涎
- make sb's nose sell 使人生妒心
- make sb's pile 获利,致富
- make sb scarce 〈俚〉逃走,离去
- make sb's way 挤着向前走,谋生
- make scruple 踌躇,犹豫
- make sense 有意义,讲得通,合情合理
- make a sentence 造句子
- make sheep's eyes 送秋波,眉目传情
- make a song 作一首歌
- make steel 炼钢
- make a summary 写内容提要
- make tea 沏茶
- make the grade 达到标准
- make time 赶紧
- make tracks 赶快,从速
- make a trip 进行旅行
- make use of 利用
- make a visit 进行访问
- make war 开战
- make water 小便
- make waves 弄得乌烟瘴气,运用个人影响力
- make weight 补足重量,无足轻重的人物,添加物
- make acquainted with 使熟悉,告知关于
- make certain 弄清楚
- make dead 切断
- make fair 大有可能,有…之势
- make good 实现,使成为事实,赔偿
- make known 宣布,公布
- make shift 权宜之计
- make short of work 迅速结束,草草做完
- make sure 把…弄确实
- make true 调整,使准
- make unready 脱衣,卸马具
- make home 回家
- make advisedly 行成于思
- make delicately 制作精美
- make easily 轻松做
- make eventually 终于获得
- make handsomely 慷慨地签订
- make immediately 立即作出
- make inadvertently 写作漫不经心
- make indiscriminately 任意前进
- make inevitably 必然成功
- make irrevocably 不可改变地作出
- make laboriously 写作不流畅
- make lawfully 合法制造
- make obviously 显然能成功
- make persistently 持久进行
- make powerfully 作品很有影响
- make scientifically 科学著作
- make subsequently 后来获利
- make superbly 可超越前进
- make temporarily 暂且认为
- make ultimately 最后成功
- make unquestionably 成功不成问题,作品无可非议
- make unwittingly 不知不觉地到达,无意中进行
- make away 急忙走掉〔逃走〕
- make away with 销毁(罪证),杀死,携…而逃,吃掉,浪费掉,毁掉
- make off 溜掉,跑掉,逃去
- make off with 持…而逃
- make on 急进
- make out 看见,了解,听清楚
- make over 移交,转让,改造,改制或翻新(衣服等)
- make up 化装,涂脂,抹粉,和好
- make up a list of 列出…的清单
- make up for 弥补,补偿,化装,扮演
- make up one's mind 下决心
- make up to 接近,巴结,奉承,向(女子)求爱
- make after 追求,追赶
- make against 与…相反,不利于,有害于
- make as 装作…的模样
- make at 袭击
- make for 走向,向…前进,有利〔助〕于,倾向于,袭击,冲向
- make for the door 朝门走去
- make way for 为…开路
- make of 获得结论,推论
- make a fool of 愚弄
- make a go of 做成功
- make hay of 把…弄得紊乱不堪
- make light of 轻视,蔑视,对…估计不足
- make little of 不重视,不理会,不费力
- make a man of sb 使某人成人
- make a night of 彻夜…
- make an exhibition of oneself 丢脸,出丑,闹笑话
- make out of 用…制造出,从…出来,理解,了解
- have the make of 具有…的体格
- like the make of 喜欢…样式
- remember the make of 记着…的样子
- all make 各式各样的
- different make 不同牌号的
- domestic make 国产的
- first-class make 第一流货色
- new make 新式样
- smooth make 性情平和
- special make 特制的式样
- specific make 特制的式样
- standard make 标准体格
- various make 各种式样
- at make 〈电〉在接通位置上
- in make 体格
- on the make 在构成中,〈口〉热衷于
经典引文
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Look at his delicate hands and slight make.
出自: H. Martineau -
He was crowned by a helmet of French make.
出自: J. Cary -
A stone which is near the ideal is said to be of good make or fine make.
出自: E. Bruton -
They confine their purchases to one make of car or commercial vehicle.
出自:Motor Sport -
God that made the world and alle thingis that ben in it.
出自: R. Pecock -
As birds sometimes are seen to make their nests.
出自: Goldsmith -
The patent plan of Mr William Onions of making cast steel.
出自: A. Ure -
The factory made many things beside rope mats.
出自: P. Mortimer